"A Little History of Economics"

To continue my research for this blog, I decided to read "A Little History of Economics" by Niall Kishtainy ( Niall Kishtainy's Website ) to see if it made me change my mind about the contents of this blog.

Like all the books that I have read so far in the "Little Histories" series, it is absolutely excellent.

I admit that I wrote this blog without ever having made any kind of formal study of economics.

The observations I make in this blog come from a rather intuitive use of pure reason.

After reading the book, I stand by what I originally wrote wholeheartedly and in its entirety, and regard it as the product of common sense and as being rational and coherent.

Whilst the book does not really diverge from a conventional view of Economics, that fact that it is a history of economics makes it very clear how much politics is involved in it. Though this is never explicitly stated.
The book repeats the confusing canard about "scarcity" making the study of Economics emerge, since resources are scarce and wants are infinite.
Gandhi's obervation has always been true, however - no matter what the historical era - and it always will be true - "there is enough for everyone's need but not enough for everyone's greed."

We are now supposedly living in a "post-scarcity" economic situation - in which the problem of scarcity has disappeared.  This is undoubtedly true. But whether resources have always been scarce is debatable.

And it has always obviously been the case that the way resources are distributed is inevitably determined by politics!

Economics is about value, and value is always and inevitably to some extent a political quality and to some extent a politically-determined quality.

Economics is indeed politics.

I long for more people to point out this truth and work through its many implications.

The book "A Little History of Economics" stresses the variety of economic thought and is very open to alternative views of economics. It is a very good summary of economic thought and a call to broaden what goes by the name of economics. It is - as I say - an excellent little book.





"Doughnut Economics": the only kind of Economics I believe in.



March 2018.

"Doughnut Economics" is the only kind of Economics I believe in.

Doughnut Economics

"The proof of the pudding is in the eating". The proof of this blog - which I put up a couple of years ago - is that a specialist in Economics - Kate Raworth - has come up with an economic model that I think concurs with some of the views in this blog.
Doughnut Economics is delicious! But the Earth is one doughnut we can't ever eat up!
I am so glad that Economics seems to be heading in a better direction thanks to ideas like this.
Kate Raworth has been called "the John Meynard Keynes of the 21st century".

This is Kate Raworth's excellent book:
























A review by George Monbiot:
Finally - a breakthrough alternative to growth economics - the dougnut.

One of my favourite quotes in the book is: "There is no wealth but life." John Ruskin.


Economics is Politics: Notes Towards A Questioning of "Economics".

Economics is Politics: 
Notes Towards A Questioning of "Economics". 


*) "Economics" is politics. (Marxists very generally say something like "Politics is Economics"......).....

*) There are humans and the environment. What happens between them is entirely determined by humans, the only possible agents.

*) Where resources are is Geografy ; what is done with them is Politics! :)

*) "Economics" is not a subject and certainly not a (social) science.

*) "Economics" previously simply meant "household management" and did so until within the last few centuries...... ID EST - The shopping list and the bills. And nothing more. ID EST - doing the sums!
The first recorded use of the word "economy" seems to have been in a medieval monastery!:)

*) ALL prices MUST be created and determined (ultimately) by humans. They indeed were far more directly and obviously for much of history.
Governments directly determined prices of many many commodities for long periods of history all around the world.....

*) Until the beginning of the 20th c. what we call "Economics" was usually called "Political Economy." (This expression - "Political Economy" seems to have possibly been coined or reinforced by the notorious Ricardo of London - another diffident candidate as a "founding father" of this pseudo-science....)....

*) "Adam Smith was the very model of an economist". This statement would be DENOUNCED by a defender of Smith.

*) Adam Smith was first and foremost a (Scots) (Enlightenment) (Moral) PHILOSOPHER.
He was not necessarily the "founding father" of "economics".
"Wealth of Nations" is exactly what it says it is - an attempt to explain why countries become wealthy.
("Wealthy" in this case means physical wealth as much as financial wealth - as at this time people were more normal and knew what the word actually meant!)
It is not a "founding text" of "economics."

*) There is no "invisible hand" - or if there is the "invisible" hand must always be a HUMAN hand. I will add that the man himself - living in a much more religious era - would have of course had the Almighty or "Divine Providence" in mind as a possible owner of the hand in question. He was more of a Deist perhaps. 

*) "The Labour Theory of Value" - seemingly confected by the same Ricardo - is an utterly meaningless conceit having no correspondence to reality. The same could maybe said of other "economic laws" and theories.

*) "It may well be that a wholly acceptable definition does not exist."
In entry under "ECONOMICS" in "The Penguin Dictionary of Economics." 1972.

*) "Economics"'s status as a subject or a science is questionable.

*) For most of its existence the term "Economy" was an ABSTRACT rather than a CONCRETE noun.
...... For me its new meaning as a concrete noun is very questionable - where it means "the total value of wealth and/or means of creating wealth in a society" etc.....  ....

*) Humans are not necessarily "totally rational" agents. Human behaviour is investigated by psychology. Humans are free agents and can act freely at any time.

*) Since all activity between the enviroment and humans is entirely determined by humans; and humans can act in any way at any time; it is difficult to see how there can be "economic laws" as such....

*) "Work" does not and cannot in and of itself create "wealth" or "value".......

*) "Value" is a problematic concept; perhaps the only kind of value is "exchange value".....

*) "Unemployment" is a recent and meaningless concept; it is also ethnocentric as a concept in some ways; it is a concept that needs questioning; as does the concept of "jobs".....

*) The intellectual origins and uses of the subject of "Economics" in the 20th century are problematic and need researching and analysing.

*) The effects of the worldview and philosophy inherent in the conventional practice of the subject in the 20th century are also worthy of research.

*) Not only is "wealth" not created by "work" - it is not necessarily created at all; neither is it solely "created" by the so-called "private sector" or the "market".....

*) The distinction between "public" and "private" is a deceptive and misleading distinction....
For example in England organisations like Tescos may as well in a sense be "public" sector, such is their dominance....

*) ANY debt can be written off

*) There are no "markets" in the sense of "abstract exchange mechanisms".
There are markets like Romford, Petticoat Lane, Chelmsford Town Market and Dagenham Sunday Market.
There are also more posh permanent covered Antiques Markets in Islington, Spitalfields and Camden. :) ..........

*) Let's finally nail this myth: that "government income" is generated wholly or mainly by the individual "hard-working income tax payer"! BS!  ..........

*) "Money" is in no way a necessity for human existence. It would be entirely possible for human society to exist without "money".

*) "Economics: The Science of Lies" would be the title of the most relevant "Economics" book to be written.
Hurry up and wurite it!

( Is the Emperor wearing no clothes?... I bet the Emperor is secretly massively in debt as well!... :D )


==============================

ABOLISH THE "Nobel Prize for "Economics"" - 
AND RESCIND EVERY AWARDED PRIZE!

























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BTW I am well aware that were Amartya Sen or the "New Economics Foundation" or many others to read the "grand revelations" of the above notes they would probably say something along the lines of:
"Now tell us something we don't already know.

These notes constitute quite a fundamentalist rendering of a sceptical view. It is meant to make people think as much as to try to be entirely correct.

Now please try and argue with these points and argue from them, whether agreeing or not.....

=========


The Economics teacher and the History teacher

I went to an English private school. At my school the Economics teacher used to tell the History teacher that Economics was a "proper subject" and History wasn't. "At least I am teaching a proper scientific subject", he would boast. He read the Financial Times every day. He was known for his bad temper and he was quite right-wing in his politics. To the lifelong annoyance of my mother, he told her that my brother "did not have the intellect to go to Cambridge." My brother soon went on to receive a double-first from Cambridge. I think he was wrong about other things as well.
The History teacher was rather posh, but had a charmingly wistful demeanour. He was a traditionalist, but with a very easy-going and tolerant streak, but who seemed to have been made rather melancholy by studying all the many follies of mankind, or perhaps it was also a little bit of Welsh ancestry. As far as I know, he never replied to the accusation of not really teaching a proper subject.
At the time as a teenager, I wasn't entirely sure who I agreed with in the dispute between Economics and History, though I definitely preferred History.
I am quite sure now. Economics is not really a "proper subject" and certainly not really a science, but History I think is a "proper subject", if of course not necessarily a science.

...........




Are politics and economics really essentially distinct?

"The implication that politics and economics are essentially distinct, and that
politicians should not meddle in economic matters provided the theoretical 
justification for the classical liberal doctrine of laissez-faire - the idea that 
the state should refrain from attempting to plan or direct the course of 
markets."

From entry on "Capitalism" in "50 Political Ideas" by Ben Dupre'.

This idea - that politics and economics are distinct - goes back to the beginnings
of modern economics. It is self-evidently problematic and ideological in my opinion.
The decision not to be involved in certain decisions - when it would be possible
to be involved in them -  is self-evidently itself a political decision.
Also - all decisions are political anyway, by virtue of their being decisions.


------------------------------

"The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude."
George Orwell.

This view is correct in my opinion.

If you replace the word "art" with the word "economics", then it applies a fortiori - for a stronger and more convincing reason.


P.P.E.?

The only combination of P.P.E. (Philosophy, Politics and Economics) that I really believe in is using philosophy to demonstrate that economics is politics. As well as Personal Protective Equipment of course.
Glad to see that Cambridge won the boat race this year.
More seriously, I think that combing these three subjects can make it seem that they are all equally intellectually valid - which I don't think is necessarily the case, especially in the case of Economics.
The nature of politics and economics is a question for philosophy.
Similarly, the idea that they are are all intrinsically linked intellectually is perhaps questionable.
I know that they are all separate subjects at Oxford in spite of their combination in the P.P.E. degree.
But I think it is perhaps best to keep them totally separate as subjects.
Personally, I think my ideal degree would be philosophy and politics. I am not so keen on economics.
In its favour, I think that a broad education is preferable to a highly specialized one.








The "Household Manager" Magazine.


The version on the left was actually an "Economist" headline!

It CLAIMS to be named after a SOCIAL SCIENCE - and aimed at its practitioners.

(HouseholdManagement and HouseholdManagers)..

How very impartial and scientific!

The "Economist" is one of the most biased pro-capitalist publications in history.

Even my anarchist friends praise the "Economist" for its raw data and scientific facts.
They have a point. Country profiles are often full of information and the reporting is of an excellent quality.
Another publication - "The New Internationalist" also has "country profiles", possibly based on the version of these from "The Economist." Compare the two!
The "Economist" way of doing a "country profile" one is as biased as the "New Internationalist" one, I would argue!

My anarchist friends claimed that even if this version of the magazine from America was biased then another more impartial magazine with this title would be possible!

My contention is that it is all about the way you look at "Economics".
And I would say that this is always ultimately about Politics!

Why can't I go into a newsagent and buy a mainstream magazine called "THE SOCIOLOGIST"?

I certainly would prefer to. It would make a change.

Usually - I would probably have to go to a University Library to dig out a copy of such a magazine. Also about a social science.

.............

IT TAKES DEAD AIM......!!!

".....democracy requires that people feel a connection to their fellow citizens,
 and that this connection manifests itself though a variety of nonmarket organizations and institutions. 
A vibrant political culture needs community groups, libraries, public schools, neighborhood organizations, cooperatives, public meeting places, voluntary associations, and trade unions to provide ways for citizens to meet, communicate, and interact with their fellow citizens.

[CAPITALISM.....]
..... with its notion of the market über alles, takes dead aim at this sector. 
Instead of citizens, it produces consumers. 
nstead of communities, it produces shopping malls. 
The net result is an atomized society of disengaged individuals who feel demoralized and socially powerless.”

Noam Chomsky 

in

"PROFIT OVER PEOPLE" (1999).

Anything that wants to help you rather than make money out of you - is a threat and a target!



Economics Is Robbery!

"RAUBSWIRTSCHAFT"!

The USAmerican owner Malcolm Glazer (|R.I.P.) of Man United was from New York City!

This man symbolized an attempt to Americanize English football!

He saw a club as a business - in other words - amongst other things - potentially something to be FLEECED - as we say in London!

An English accountant coming in is portrayed as a "knight in shining armour" to come and tidy up this (perceived) mess!

A justified act of exaggeration or a truth?....

The capitalist teaching is that he and people like him are doing nothing wrong....

What I mean is .....

CAPITALISM IS ROBBERY anyway!.....

Which is IMMORAL!

=========================================

A FAR WORSE EXAMPLE of course is Bernard Madeoff with 80 million dollars.

He received 150 years in prison!

People who are in prison for murder serve less time!

ASTOUNDING!

"the love of money/goods is the root of all kinds of evil..."

A point to make is that what he did was perhaps legal technically speaking at the time!

...................................



Anita Roddick

Anita Roddick's business life is a GOOD EXAMPLE of the truth that Economics is Politics.

A CYNIC would say that it simply is not possible to FOUND AND MAINTAIN a LARGE SCALE, ETHICALLY and ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND AND SUSTAINABLE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE / BUSINESS.

[A CYNIC is not now exactly what it was in Ancient times, by the way!]

The reasons for this not now being even vaguely possible are not "economic reasons" BUT Politics.
There is no such thing as an "ECONOMIC REASON" - is basically my view!.....

LEGAL REGULATION of economic activity make the feat that she achieved at least for a little while a few decades ago nearly impossible today as well as then!

The 1980s and its technological advances were MERELY used to entrench and maintain EXTREME NEOLIBERAL CAPITALISM!

Capitalism is written into the Law of the land.
Such that every part of the system HAS NO CHOICE but to maximize so-called "profits"!....
It has been for a long time!
.....................

This is one reason why I am a Libertarian Socialist!.......
...........


Updated Proverb!

"The BELIEF in MONEY is the root of all kinds of STUPIDITY" !


Employees are an enemy of profit!

Employees are an enemy of profit!
The biggest drain on the finances of a company in capitalism is always EMPLOYEES.
Therefore in a capitalist system - a company is always trying to reduce employees!
And a company with less employees will always make more money!
John Lewis - for example - has many, many employees who become members of its co-operative.
This is not good for maximizing profits.

Hence this company for example is threatened by capitalism, both deliberately and also as a function of capitalism (by rising rents for example).
Since it has more employees it will make less money and life will be made harder for it.
In this way, high ideals that try to moderate capitalism have often been thwarted!
More profit is constantly demanded!

I went to the John Lewis in Stratford the other day. There were three people at the Returns Desk in John Lewis who told me to go elsewhere to pay for my items! Now that's what I call concern for customer satisfaction!
I went back soon after and the branch there seems to be soon to close!
The reason could appear to be - they are not making enuff money;
because they are making too many customers happy rather than penniless!
A Refund Desk is not a part of a Profit Hungry system!
I mean in seriousness that more ethical outfits like John Lewis are threatened because they are more ethical.
Simple!





The Economy is not a Thing!....




















The Economy is NOT a Thing.

Morph is!.......

At the moment I feel a great deal of sympathy for "The Economy" and I am taking it easy.

With tolerable economy!......


When George Bryan Brummell, commonly known as "Beau" Brummell -
(Eton, Oriel Oxford, 10th Light Dragoons)
was asked how much it would cost to keep a single man in clothes, he was supposed to have replied:

"Why, with tolerable economy, I think it might be done with £800."






NOTA BENE:

"Economy" here is an ABSTRACT noun, refering to an ABSTRACT quality.

As opposed to a CONCRETE noun, which is what it sounds like in contemporary discourse.
It CANNOT ever be one I.M.O.

NOTA BENE ii:

800 quid was a lot of wonga in those days!

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By le way mes amis, one must not forget that in French (as in English still a little) a possible and very common sense of the word "Une économie" or "an economy" is simply "A SAVING" - with an actual price tag/figure.

As in

"I made an economy of exactly 5 pounds 3 shillings and tuppence."

:)

Probably the best sure fire way to make money ever conceived of!

Probably the best sure fire way to make money ever conceived of! -

*DRUMROLL*

Do not spend it! ....

:D

 "The best way to save money is not to spend it."

Scholars believe that one originator of this "fount of all wisdom" quote is the Right Honorary Cockney entrepreneur David Sullivan.




Old Coinage!


The Nobel Prize for Household Management.

The Nobel Prize for Household Management.

I personally have a great deal of respect for Nobel Prizes and there very noble;) intentions and founder.

I don't think there is really any precedent for rescinding any Nobel Prizes in any discipline. The "1949 Nobel Prize for Mutilation" is definitely a case for setting that precedent.

And while we are on the subject of the Nobel Prizes - the entire prize for "Economics" ("The Nobel Prize for Household Management") - the most recently instituted in 1969 - should be rescinded since there is no discipline nor science to award the Prize for. :)

"Economics is Politics".

Sociology is a far more valid endeavour.
Interestingly enough this subject was (understandably) loathed by Thatcher! :)


"Unemployment" for example is far more an issue that could be studied by "sociologists" than by "economists".........


Also, until around 1930 "Economics" was known as "Political Economy".
Adam Smith was a filosofer and founded no new discipline of any kind.

The 1976 Winner of the Nobel for "Economics", Milton Friedman, is listed as "influencing" the fascist war criminal and friend of Thatcher - Augusto Pinochet - undoubtedly nothing more than an evil thoughtless thug.
Milton Friedman is a figure comparable to Josef Goebbels (the Nazi Propaganda Minister).




An examination of the "economics" of secondary education in England

I am not pro-market or anti-market.
There is no market.
What do I mean "there is no market"?
Well I mean mainly that there is no market.
I also mean there is no market in the sense of an abstract concept of "exchange mechanism".

At a vegetable market the man could give away all his tomatoes for free, and no one could buy any of them anyway even if he put a price on them.

There are people and the environment.
What happens between them is determined entirely by people - the only possible agents.

Je répète - "economics" is politics.

-----------------------

I read the article by the Professor of Economics at Oxford University in The Independent today about secondary education in "Britain".

(http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/paul-collier-private-v-state-heres-how-to-bridge-the-educational-divide-1867073.html)

He said:

A private school which offered only slightly better quality than a state school would attract no customers: if the basic model of a car was available for free, nobody would pay full price for the next model up the range. A market in purchased cars would still exist, but it would be confined to the luxury models whose rich purchasers were willing to forego the free basic model.


Some points about this are:

1) "nobody would pay" - people are free to pay or not pay so this is strictly nonsense. People are obviously free beings.

2) Even were this accepted, human behaviour is the subject of psychology and not "economics".

3) A "market" "would still exist" - what's a market? Does it mean a demand and a supply? Both of these are created by humans and demand is something that could disappear at any moment.....

4)......

He also writes:

Britain has its education system upside-down. Where the state should be providing universal, free schooling there is subsidised market provision. But where the state is providing universal, free schooling of a quality such that those with sufficient money choose to opt out, there should be subsidised market provision. If we did that it would raise the quality of the average while narrowing differences: but, of course, it isn't even on the political menu.

Firstly, if it is accepted that the state should provide universal free schooling in any context at all (which it is), then that is the end of the debate. If such education exists it should be of the highest standard. Hence no other education would be necessary. This may sound in some way "fundamentalist" but it is quite correct.

Secondly, "Britain" does not exist in this question strictly speaking.

Thirdly, where is the programme to put something better on the political menu?
Why the resignation?

One of the reasons for the ridiculous English education system is the "class culture". Not economics. "Public" Schools/Independent Schools are a cultural institution like the monarchy.

And like the Monarchy they are an institution that holds England back.

--------------------------------------

Do not misinterpret me!

Take my old school - Brentwood School in Essex.

Contrary to popular belief - and it is news to me too! - my old school was EFFECTIVELY a kind of State School for a big chunk of its very long and noble history.

The School Statutes of 1622 - written by John Donne - once Dean of Saint Paul's - state that the school is to educate the poor and the young in general of the surrounding area. There is certainly no mention of vast sums of money to be paid!

1n 1976 its County Council Direct Grant Status was ended by a Labour Government.

This was enforced AGAINST the will of the School Governors and AGAINST the will of Essex County Council. So much for local democracy!

Worse still - 3 years later under the Tories it was forced to become almost entirely fee-paying and a so-called "Independent School".
Is this a eupemism for business - rather than an a educational foundation?

I think we must not get blinded by labels. This applies to so many things!

Basically - I think Brentwood should in essence no longer charge fees - just like I think that Cambridge University should in essence no longer charge fees!

-----

My parents - even with the mythical "large middle-class wage packet" at their disposal - and even though I had a government Assisted Place - found it extremely hard to pay the fees even back then in the 70s and 80s.
They nearly bankrupted themselves and even had to go to backstreet money lenders!
Incidentally, government Assisted Places were introduced by a Tory government and abolished by Tony Blair I think.
...........



The Chronicles of Human Stupidity (Extract from Volume 7,324.)

I went into a posh shop the other day.

At one point in the conversation with a slightly chunky man behind the counter - he said the following words - making a hand gesture resembling feeding his mouth with his hand - :

"You need MONEY to LIVE."

I observed:

"Can you eat money, good sir?
I am sorry! But you need :
"FOOD TO EAT!"
"I think you will find that you are alive anyway!
Or at least I think you are!
THINK LOGICALLY YOUNG MAN! Anyone can do it!

-------------------------------------------

A comedian has said that he feels like a fool for ONLY sending money whereas OTHERS sent prayers - or something along those lines - after the recent natural disaster in my favourite cuntree the USA.

Well MONEY can achieve nothing - only people can.

In the sense that  it is easy to steal and embezzle money destined for Earthquake victims (as the comedians would know as they are often modern-day Cynics), sending money is perhaps as pointless as saying prayers.

Some people go to disaster areas - often firemen for example - and work for NOTHING!....
No money needed there!.....Apart from an air fare that they could have waived by the airline of course.

What I would like to stress is that MONEY in itself ACHIEVES NOTHING.

ONLY PEOPLE CAN ACHIEVE THINGS.

Do the actual dollar bills build the buildings or repair the walls?

No. People do.





"He who cannot draw on three thousand years is living from hand to mouth."

Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

Our economic discourse.....

Our economic discourse is culturally determined by the few and not the many; everyone knows it reflects the reality of next to nobody.

"Business News" and "Economics News" is rarely fully understood by anyone. They seem like the writings of a cult.