"A Little History of Economics"

To continue my research for this blog, I decided to read "A Little History of Economics" by Niall Kishtainy ( Niall Kishtainy's Website ) to see if it made me change my mind about the contents of this blog.

Like all the books that I have read so far in the "Little Histories" series, it is absolutely excellent.

I admit that I wrote this blog without ever having made any kind of formal study of economics.

The observations I make in this blog come from a rather intuitive use of pure reason.

After reading the book, I stand by what I originally wrote wholeheartedly and in its entirety, and regard it as the product of common sense and as being rational and coherent.

Whilst the book does not really diverge from a conventional view of Economics, that fact that it is a history of economics makes it very clear how much politics is involved in it. Though this is never explicitly stated.
The book repeats the confusing canard about "scarcity" making the study of Economics emerge, since resources are scarce and wants are infinite.
Gandhi's obervation has always been true, however - no matter what the historical era - and it always will be true - "there is enough for everyone's need but not enough for everyone's greed."

We are now supposedly living in a "post-scarcity" economic situation - in which the problem of scarcity has disappeared.  This is undoubtedly true. But whether resources have always been scarce is debatable.

And it has always obviously been the case that the way resources are distributed is inevitably determined by politics!

Economics is about value, and value is always and inevitably to some extent a political quality and to some extent a politically-determined quality.

Economics is indeed politics.

I long for more people to point out this truth and work through its many implications.

The book "A Little History of Economics" stresses the variety of economic thought and is very open to alternative views of economics. It is a very good summary of economic thought and a call to broaden what goes by the name of economics. It is - as I say - an excellent little book.





"Doughnut Economics": the only kind of Economics I believe in.



March 2018.

"Doughnut Economics" is the only kind of Economics I believe in.

Doughnut Economics

"The proof of the pudding is in the eating". The proof of this blog - which I put up a couple of years ago - is that a specialist in Economics - Kate Raworth - has come up with an economic model that I think concurs with some of the views in this blog.
Doughnut Economics is delicious! But the Earth is one doughnut we can't ever eat up!
I am so glad that Economics seems to be heading in a better direction thanks to ideas like this.
Kate Raworth has been called "the John Meynard Keynes of the 21st century".

This is Kate Raworth's excellent book:
























A review by George Monbiot:
Finally - a breakthrough alternative to growth economics - the dougnut.

One of my favourite quotes in the book is: "There is no wealth but life." John Ruskin.


Economics is Politics: Notes Towards A Questioning of "Economics".

Economics is Politics: 
Notes Towards A Questioning of "Economics". 


*) "Economics" is politics. (Marxists very generally say something like "Politics is Economics"......).....

*) There are humans and the environment. What happens between them is entirely determined by humans, the only possible agents.

*) Where resources are is Geografy ; what is done with them is Politics! :)

*) "Economics" is not a subject and certainly not a (social) science.

*) "Economics" previously simply meant "household management" and did so until within the last few centuries...... ID EST - The shopping list and the bills. And nothing more. ID EST - doing the sums!
The first recorded use of the word "economy" seems to have been in a medieval monastery!:)

*) ALL prices MUST be created and determined (ultimately) by humans. They indeed were far more directly and obviously for much of history.
Governments directly determined prices of many many commodities for long periods of history all around the world.....

*) Until the beginning of the 20th c. what we call "Economics" was usually called "Political Economy." (This expression - "Political Economy" seems to have possibly been coined or reinforced by the notorious Ricardo of London - another diffident candidate as a "founding father" of this pseudo-science....)....

*) "Adam Smith was the very model of an economist". This statement would be DENOUNCED by a defender of Smith.

*) Adam Smith was first and foremost a (Scots) (Enlightenment) (Moral) PHILOSOPHER.
He was not necessarily the "founding father" of "economics".
"Wealth of Nations" is exactly what it says it is - an attempt to explain why countries become wealthy.
("Wealthy" in this case means physical wealth as much as financial wealth - as at this time people were more normal and knew what the word actually meant!)
It is not a "founding text" of "economics."

*) There is no "invisible hand" - or if there is the "invisible" hand must always be a HUMAN hand. I will add that the man himself - living in a much more religious era - would have of course had the Almighty or "Divine Providence" in mind as a possible owner of the hand in question. He was more of a Deist perhaps. 

*) "The Labour Theory of Value" - seemingly confected by the same Ricardo - is an utterly meaningless conceit having no correspondence to reality. The same could maybe said of other "economic laws" and theories.

*) "It may well be that a wholly acceptable definition does not exist."
In entry under "ECONOMICS" in "The Penguin Dictionary of Economics." 1972.

*) "Economics"'s status as a subject or a science is questionable.

*) For most of its existence the term "Economy" was an ABSTRACT rather than a CONCRETE noun.
...... For me its new meaning as a concrete noun is very questionable - where it means "the total value of wealth and/or means of creating wealth in a society" etc.....  ....

*) Humans are not necessarily "totally rational" agents. Human behaviour is investigated by psychology. Humans are free agents and can act freely at any time.

*) Since all activity between the enviroment and humans is entirely determined by humans; and humans can act in any way at any time; it is difficult to see how there can be "economic laws" as such....

*) "Work" does not and cannot in and of itself create "wealth" or "value".......

*) "Value" is a problematic concept; perhaps the only kind of value is "exchange value".....

*) "Unemployment" is a recent and meaningless concept; it is also ethnocentric as a concept in some ways; it is a concept that needs questioning; as does the concept of "jobs".....

*) The intellectual origins and uses of the subject of "Economics" in the 20th century are problematic and need researching and analysing.

*) The effects of the worldview and philosophy inherent in the conventional practice of the subject in the 20th century are also worthy of research.

*) Not only is "wealth" not created by "work" - it is not necessarily created at all; neither is it solely "created" by the so-called "private sector" or the "market".....

*) The distinction between "public" and "private" is a deceptive and misleading distinction....
For example in England organisations like Tescos may as well in a sense be "public" sector, such is their dominance....

*) ANY debt can be written off

*) There are no "markets" in the sense of "abstract exchange mechanisms".
There are markets like Romford, Petticoat Lane, Chelmsford Town Market and Dagenham Sunday Market.
There are also more posh permanent covered Antiques Markets in Islington, Spitalfields and Camden. :) ..........

*) Let's finally nail this myth: that "government income" is generated wholly or mainly by the individual "hard-working income tax payer"! BS!  ..........

*) "Money" is in no way a necessity for human existence. It would be entirely possible for human society to exist without "money".

*) "Economics: The Science of Lies" would be the title of the most relevant "Economics" book to be written.
Hurry up and wurite it!

( Is the Emperor wearing no clothes?... I bet the Emperor is secretly massively in debt as well!... :D )


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ABOLISH THE "Nobel Prize for "Economics"" - 
AND RESCIND EVERY AWARDED PRIZE!

























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BTW I am well aware that were Amartya Sen or the "New Economics Foundation" or many others to read the "grand revelations" of the above notes they would probably say something along the lines of:
"Now tell us something we don't already know.

These notes constitute quite a fundamentalist rendering of a sceptical view. It is meant to make people think as much as to try to be entirely correct.

Now please try and argue with these points and argue from them, whether agreeing or not.....

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The Economics teacher and the History teacher

I went to an English private school. At my school the Economics teacher used to tell the History teacher that Economics was a "proper subject" and History wasn't. "At least I am teaching a proper scientific subject", he would boast. He read the Financial Times every day. He was known for his bad temper and he was quite right-wing in his politics. To the lifelong annoyance of my mother, he told her that my brother "did not have the intellect to go to Cambridge." My brother soon went on to receive a double-first from Cambridge. I think he was wrong about other things as well.
The History teacher was rather posh, but had a charmingly wistful demeanour. He was a traditionalist, but with a very easy-going and tolerant streak, but who seemed to have been made rather melancholy by studying all the many follies of mankind, or perhaps it was also a little bit of Welsh ancestry. As far as I know, he never replied to the accusation of not really teaching a proper subject.
At the time as a teenager, I wasn't entirely sure who I agreed with in the dispute between Economics and History, though I definitely preferred History.
I am quite sure now. Economics is not really a "proper subject" and certainly not really a science, but History I think is a "proper subject", if of course not necessarily a science.

...........




Are politics and economics really essentially distinct?

"The implication that politics and economics are essentially distinct, and that
politicians should not meddle in economic matters provided the theoretical 
justification for the classical liberal doctrine of laissez-faire - the idea that 
the state should refrain from attempting to plan or direct the course of 
markets."

From entry on "Capitalism" in "50 Political Ideas" by Ben Dupre'.

This idea - that politics and economics are distinct - goes back to the beginnings
of modern economics. It is self-evidently problematic and ideological in my opinion.
The decision not to be involved in certain decisions - when it would be possible
to be involved in them -  is self-evidently itself a political decision.
Also - all decisions are political anyway, by virtue of their being decisions.


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"The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude."
George Orwell.

This view is correct in my opinion.

If you replace the word "art" with the word "economics", then it applies a fortiori - for a stronger and more convincing reason.


P.P.E.?

The only combination of P.P.E. (Philosophy, Politics and Economics) that I really believe in is using philosophy to demonstrate that economics is politics. As well as Personal Protective Equipment of course.
Glad to see that Cambridge won the boat race this year.
More seriously, I think that combing these three subjects can make it seem that they are all equally intellectually valid - which I don't think is necessarily the case, especially in the case of Economics.
The nature of politics and economics is a question for philosophy.
Similarly, the idea that they are are all intrinsically linked intellectually is perhaps questionable.
I know that they are all separate subjects at Oxford in spite of their combination in the P.P.E. degree.
But I think it is perhaps best to keep them totally separate as subjects.
Personally, I think my ideal degree would be philosophy and politics. I am not so keen on economics.
In its favour, I think that a broad education is preferable to a highly specialized one.








The "Household Manager" Magazine.


The version on the left was actually an "Economist" headline!

It CLAIMS to be named after a SOCIAL SCIENCE - and aimed at its practitioners.

(HouseholdManagement and HouseholdManagers)..

How very impartial and scientific!

The "Economist" is one of the most biased pro-capitalist publications in history.

Even my anarchist friends praise the "Economist" for its raw data and scientific facts.
They have a point. Country profiles are often full of information and the reporting is of an excellent quality.
Another publication - "The New Internationalist" also has "country profiles", possibly based on the version of these from "The Economist." Compare the two!
The "Economist" way of doing a "country profile" one is as biased as the "New Internationalist" one, I would argue!

My anarchist friends claimed that even if this version of the magazine from America was biased then another more impartial magazine with this title would be possible!

My contention is that it is all about the way you look at "Economics".
And I would say that this is always ultimately about Politics!

Why can't I go into a newsagent and buy a mainstream magazine called "THE SOCIOLOGIST"?

I certainly would prefer to. It would make a change.

Usually - I would probably have to go to a University Library to dig out a copy of such a magazine. Also about a social science.

.............